VIRAL HEPATITIS

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Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver caused by viral infections, toxins, or autoimmune responses. Learn about the types, causes, modes of transmission, clinical manifestations, diagnostic evaluations, management, and prevention of viral hepatitis. Get insights from nursing tutor Mr. Dinesh Singh at Rohilkhand College of Nursing.

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VIRAL HEPATITIS MR. DINESH SINGH P.G. NURSING TUTOR ROHILKHAND COLLEGE OF NURSING 13-02-2025 ROHILKHAND COLLEGE OF NURSING 1

OBJECTIVES Introduction of the Viral Hepatitis. Define the Viral Hepatitis Explain the causes of Viral Hepatitis. State the clinical manifestations of Viral Hepatitis Elaborate the diagnostic evaluation of Viral Hepatitis Discuss the management of Viral Hepatitis. Describe the prevention of Viral Hepatitis 13-02-2025 ROHILKHAND COLLEGE OF NURSING 2

INTRODUCTION Hepatitis means inflammation of the liver. The liver is a vital organ that processes nutrients, filters the blood, and fights infections. When the liver is inflamed or damaged, its function can be affected. Heavy alcohol use, toxins, some medications, and certain medical conditions can cause hepatitis. However, hepatitis is often caused by a virus. In the United States, the most common types of viral hepatitis are hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C. 13-02-2025 ROHILKHAND COLLEGE OF NURSING 3

DEFINITION Hepatitis is the inflammation of liver. Viral hepatitis is a systemic viral infection in which necrosis and inflammation of liver cells, Five different types of viral hepatitis have been identified namely: Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Hepatitis C Hepatitis D Hepatitis E 13-02-2025 ROHILKHAND COLLEGE OF NURSING 4

CAUSES S. NO. 1 TYPES CAUSES Hepatitis-A RNA virus (entero virus) 2 Hepatitis-B Blood, Saliva, Semen, Vaginal secretions, can transmitted through mucus membrane and breakage in skin 3 Hepatitis-C Blood transfusion, sexual contacts, sharing contaminated needles, accidental needle pricks Delta hepatitis 4 Hepatitis-D 5 Hepatitis-E Genotype-1 (contaminated drinking water) 13-02-2025 ROHILKHAND COLLEGE OF NURSING 5

CAUSES Immune cells in the body attacking the liver and causing autoimmune hepatitis. Infections due to viruses ( such as hepatitis A, B, or C), bacteria, or parasites. Liver damage due to alcohol, poisonous mushrooms, or other poisons. Medication, such as an overdose of acetaminophen, which can be deadly. 13-02-2025 ROHILKHAND COLLEGE OF NURSING 6

MODE OF TRANSMISSION 13-02-2025 ROHILKHAND COLLEGE OF NURSING 7

INCUBATION PERIODS 13-02-2025 ROHILKHAND COLLEGE OF NURSING 8

CLINICAL MANIFESTATION Abdominal pain or distention Breast development in males Dark urine and pale or clay-colored stools Fatigue Fever, usually low grade General itching Jaundice (yellowing of the skin or eyes) Loss of appetite, weight loss 13-02-2025 ROHILKHAND COLLEGE OF NURSING 9

DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION History collection Physical examination Abdominal ultrasound Liver function test Liver biopsy to check for liver damage Paracentesis if fluid is in abdomen 13-02-2025 ROHILKHAND COLLEGE OF NURSING 10

MANAGEMENT Small, frequent feedings of a high-calorie, low-fat diet; proteins are restricted Vitamin K injected subcutaneously if PT is prolonged. I.V. fluid and electrolyte replacement as indicated. Administration of antiemetic for nausea. Vaccines (Hepatitis A, B). Strict isolation of the patient. 13-02-2025 ROHILKHAND COLLEGE OF NURSING 11