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jhfrdkyhu lkfgR; dh izo`fk;ka fgUnh lkfgR; ds bfrgkl esa la 1700 ls la- 1900 rd dky dks jhfrdky dk uke fn;k x;k gSA vkpk;Z jkepUnz 'kqDy us bl dky dks mRrj e/;dky dk uke fn;k gSaA jhfrdky dk lkfgR; fgUnh lkfgR; esa uohu izdkj dk lkfgR; gS ftlesa ijyksd rFkk eks{kkfn dh dfo dks fpUrk ugha dsoy ykSfdd izse] ukjh dh lqUnjrk vkSj izn'kZu izo`fr dh iz/kkurk jgh gSaA jhfrdky esa dfo deZ vkSj vkpk;Z deZ dk ,d lkFk fuokZg gksrk jgkA jhfrdkyhu lkfgR; esa iqjkuh ijEijk ls gV dj uohurk dk lekos'k gqvkA
1- J`axkfjdrk 9- izd`fr fp=.k jhfrdkyhu lkfgR; dh fuEufyf[kr fo'ks"krk, gSa%& 2- vkyadkfjdrk 10- vfHkO;atuk i}fr 3- HkfDr vkSj uhfr 11- ukjh fp=.k 4- dkO; :i 12- euksoSKkfud fp=.k 5- cztHkk"kk dh iz/kkurk 13- izfr;ksfxrk dh Hkkouk 6- y{k.k xzUFkksa dk fuekZ.k 14- thou n'kZu 7- ohj cl dh dfork 15- fofo/keq[kh lkfgR;
J`axkfjdrk J`axkj jl ds nksuksa :i la;ksx o.fu] fo;ksx o.kZu bl dky ds lkfgR; esa feyrk gSA ukf;dk Hksn] u[k f'k[k o.kZu] vyadkjksa dks izLrqr Hkh fd;k gSA n'kZu] Jo.k] Li'kZ la;ksx J`axkj esa ik;s tkrs gS tSls dfo fcgkjh us fy[k gS%& crjl ykyp yky dh eqjyh ?kjh yqdk;A lkSg djS HkkSgu g lsa nSu dgs ufV tk;AA fo;ksx esa iwoZjkx] fojg vkSj d:.kk vk tkrs gSA fiz;re dh Le`fr] xq.kdFku vkSj foyki dk o.kZu feyrk gSaA Nfy;k Nchyksa NSy NwoS pyks x;ksA
vyadkfjdrk jhfrdkyhu dkO; esa fofHkUu vyadkjksa dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA vyadkjksa ds y{k.k] mnkgj.k] izLrqr djrs gq, 'kCnkyadkjksa] vFkkZyadkjksa dk foospu fd;k gS] tSls ;ed vyadkj%& rks ij okjkS mjolh] lqfu jkf/kds lqtkuA rw eksgu ds mj clh] goS mjolh lekuAA
HkfDr vkSj uhfr jhfrdkyhu lkfgR; esa HkfDr vkSj uhfr ds nksgs Hkh feyrs gSaA jhfHk gS lqdfo tks rks tkuks dforkbZ u rks jkf/kdk & lqfeju dks cgkuksa gSaAA bl dky ds lkfgR; esa dfo thou ds vuqHko vkSj uhfr lEcU/kh nksgs Hkh feyrs gSa%& oMs u gwtS xquuq fcuq] fojn cgkbZ ikbZA dgr /krwos dkS dud] xgukS c<kS u tkbAA
dkO; :i dkO; esa eqDrd dh iz/kkurk jgh gSA dfo jkt njckjh dfo gksus ds dkj.k] izn'kZu dh Hkkouk Hkh izcy jgh gSA lrlS;k ds nksgjs] T;ks uSuu ds rhjA ns[ku esa NksVs yxs] os|S ldy 'kjhjAA
cztHkk"kk dh iz/kkurk jhfrdky ds lkfgR; dh izeq[k Hkk"kk cztHkk"kk jgh gSaA bl Hkk"kk esa lthork vkSj e/kqjrk ikbZ tkrh gSA dksey jlksa dh lqUnj vfHkO;frr gqbZ gSaA esjh Hkock/kk gjkS jk/kk ukxfj lks; tk ru dh Hk kbZ ijS L;ke gfjr nqfr gks; bl dky ds dfo us cztHkk"kk ds 'kCnksa ds lkFk & lkFk vjch Qkjlh 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx Hkh fd;k gSA
y{k.k xzUFkksa dk fuekZ.k jhfrdky esa dfo deZ vkSj vkpk;Z deZ ,d lkFk pyrk jgk gSA dfo us dfork dh jpuk Hkh dh gS vkSj y{k.k xzUFkksa dk fuekZ.k Hkh fd;k gSA ohjjl dh dfork bl dky dh dfork esa jhfr eqDr dkO; Hkh jpk x;k ftl esa ohj jl dh dfork dh iz/kkurk jgh gSA nf{k.k esa egkjkt f'kokth] iatkc esa xq: xksfcan flag] jktLFkku esa egkjktk jkt flag] egkizns'k esa N=lky ohjksa us vkSjxtsc dk MV dj eqdkcyk fd;kA xq: xksfcUn flag dh dfork] vkye] /kukuUn dh dfork esa ohj jl Hkh iz/kkurk gSA lwQh dkO; bl dke esa lwQh dkO; feyrk gSA ftl esa izse Hkh iz/kkurk gS] vkRek & ijekRek izse dh vfHkO;fDr] dkfle 'kkg uwj eqgEen fo'ks"k dfo gSA
izd`fr o.kZu bhfrdky ds lkfgR; esa izd`fr dk lqUnj o.kZu gqvk gSA vkyEcu :i esaA pUnu vkSj pkanuh fo;ksx esa vkx yxkrs gSA iihgs dh ih-ih izk.k usus yxrh gSA :iksx esa izd`fr lqUnj yxrh gS lqgkouh yxrh gSA
vfHkO;atuk i}fr jhfrdky das lkfgR;esa dfo us vfHkO;atuk i}fr dk iz;ksx fd;k gS vkSj fo'ks"k] eqgkojksa vkSj yksdksfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k gSA ukjh fp=.k jhfrdky ds lkfgR; esa ukjh dh lqUnjrk dk o.kZu feyrk gSA jhfrdky esa eqxy 'kklu dk dky FkkA eqxy njckj esa foykluk dh iz/kkurk FkkAbl dky esa ukjh dk Hkksx foykl dk lk/ku ekuk tkrk FkkA dfo jkt njckjh dfo gksus dkj.k ukjh ds u[k f'k[k o.kZu fd;k gSA tuuh] x`fg.kh ds :i dk dgh Hkh o.kZu ugha gSA
eukSoSKkfud fp=.k jhfrdky esa ukjh iq:"k ds ;kSu lEc/kksa dh egRoiw.kZ fp=.k feyrk gSA uk;d vkSj ukf;dk ds la;ksx vkSj fo;ksx dk o.kZu feyrk gSA izfr;ksfxrk dk Hkkouk bl dky dk dfo jkT; ij vkfJr Fkk vkSj izn'kZu dh Hkkouk] izfr;ksfxrk dh Hkkouk izcy Fkh ;gh dkj.k gS fd bl dky ds dfo us dfo deZ vkSj vkpk;Z deZ lkFk & lkFk fuHkk;k gS vkSj eqDrd 'kSyh dk iz;ksx fd;k gSA
thou n'kZu bl dky esa ;"kkFkZ thou ds izfr dfo vkSj iztk dh :fp dk o.kZu feyrk gsA ukjh foykluk dk iztk dh :fp dk o.kZu feyrk gSA ukjh dks foyklrk dk lk/ku ekuk tkrk FkkA ukjh dh lqUnjrk vkSj vaxks dk o.kZu euksjatu dk lk/ku gjk gSA HkfDr Hkko vkSj eks{k dh fpUrk u FkhA
fofo/keq[kh lkfgR; jhfrdky esa fofo/k eq[kh lkfgR; jpk x;k T;ksfr"k] dke'kkL=k] jkthufr] ikd'kkL= laxhr 'kkL= ls lacaf/kr xzUFk jps x;sA jhfrdky dk lkfgR; esa ml le; dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk izfrcUc Hkh ns[kk tk ldrk gSaA dfo jktnckjh dfo gksus ds dkj.k vius jktk dk izlUu djus ds fy, mldh :fp esa vuqlkj dkO; Hkh jpuk djrk FkkA ftlesa J`axkfjDrk] vyadkfjdrrk] ukjh dk lqUnjrk dh iz/kkurk FkhA ykSfdd izse Hkh iz/kkurk FkhA cztHkk"kk esa e/kqjrk ds dkj.k dfo us bl Hkk"kk dk egRo fn;k gSA fcgkjh lrlgZ bl dky dh egRoiw.kZ d`fr ekuh tkrh gSA
NUn nksgk nksgk NUn ds y{k.k ,oa mnkgj.k%& tku fo"ke rsjg dyk] le f'ko nksgk ewyA nksgk esaa fo"k; pj.kksa esa 13 rFkk le pj.kksa esa 11 ek=k,a gksrh gSAy{k.k nksgk ekf=d v}Zle NUngSA blesa dqy pkj pj.k gksrs gSaA igys vkSj rhljs pj.k esa rsjg & rsjg vkSj nqljs vkSj pkSFks pj.k esa X;kjg & X;kjg ek=k, gksrh gSA bl izdkj bl NUnesa izR;sd iafDr esa 24 ek=ka, gksrhgSA izR;sd iafDr ds vUr esa vFkkZr~ nwljs vkSj pkSFks pj.k ds vUr esa y?kq 1 gksuk vfuok;ZgSA
mnkgj.k AA A vfHk;kl AAA djr AAAA tMefr ek=k,a AA jljh AA fly ek=k,a AAA djr rs & 13 ek=k,a A A lqtku A gksr & 11 AA vkor AA A tkr AAA & 13 ek=k,a rs Aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa A ij ijr fulku & 11
mnkgj.k bl mnkgj.k esa dqy pkj pj.k gsA igys vkSj rhljs pj.k esa rsjg & rsjg 13&13 ] nqljs vkSj pkSFks pj.k esa X;kjg & X;kjg 11&11 11 ek=k,a gSA bl izdkj izR;sd O;fDr esa 24 ek=k,a gSaA izR;sd O;fDr ds vUr ess y?kq 1 gS blfy, ;g nksgk NUn gSA
lksjBk lksjBk NUn ds y{k.k ,oa mnkgj.k%& le rsjg fo"kes'k] nksgk myVs lksjBk lksjBk esa fo"ke pj.kksa esa 11 vkSj le pj.kksa esa 13 ek=k,a gksrh gSA nksgk NUn dk mYVk gksrk gSA y{k.k lksjBk nksgk NUn ls mYVk gksrk gS vFkkZr~ bl esa igys vkSj rhljs pj.k esa 11 &* 11 vkSj nwljs vkSj pkSFks pj.k esa 13 & 13 ek=k, gksrh gSA blizdkj izR;sd iafDr esa 24 ek=k,a gSA
mnkgj.k u QwyS ek=k,a AAA ;nfi AA ewj[k ek=k,a tks ek=k,a A QyS A A csar & 11 A lq/kk AAA AAAA cjlfg A tyn & 13 ek=k,a A psr AAA u g`n; & 11 A xq: AAA feyfg AAA AA fojfp le & 13
mnkgj.k bl mnkgj.k esa dqy pkj pj.k gsA igys vkSj rhljs pj.k esa X;kjg & X;kjg 11&11 ] nqljs vkSj pkSFks pj.k esa rsjg & rsjg 13&13 ek=k,a gSA bl izdkj izR;sd O;fDr esa 24 ek=k,a gSaA izR;sd O;fDr ds vUr ess y?kq 1 gS blfy, ;g nksgk NUn gSA
