Vital Signs/Blood pressure
Blood pressure (BP) is a vital sign that indicates the pressure exerted by the blood in the arteries. It is measured as systolic (during ventricular contraction) and diastolic (at rest) pressures, with normal values around 120/80 mmHg for adults. Various factors affect BP, including cardiac output, peripheral vascular resistance, blood volume, and viscosity. Additionally, age, exercise, stress, race, gender, medications, obesity, diurnal variations, and disease processes influence BP levels. Hypertension and hypotension are conditions characterized by elevated and decreased BP, respectively, with associated causes and management strategies. Assessment of BP involves different methods like sphygmomanometer, stethoscope, electronic devices, Doppler ultrasound, and direct arterial line monitoring.
Download Presentation
Please find below an Image/Link to download the presentation.
The content on the website is provided AS IS for your information and personal use only. It may not be sold, licensed, or shared on other websites without obtaining consent from the author.If you encounter any issues during the download, it is possible that the publisher has removed the file from their server.
You are allowed to download the files provided on this website for personal or commercial use, subject to the condition that they are used lawfully. All files are the property of their respective owners.
The content on the website is provided AS IS for your information and personal use only. It may not be sold, licensed, or shared on other websites without obtaining consent from the author.
E N D
Presentation Transcript
Blood Pressure Arterial blood pressure is a measure of pressure exerted by the blood as flows through the arteries. (measured by mmHg.) 120/80 mmHg (adults)
BP normal limits Two Types of pressure measures: Systolic pressure: as result of ventricles contraction. Diastolic pressure: when the ventricles are at rest. Pulse Pressure: difference between the diastolic and systolic pressures (normal is 40)
Determinants of BP Cardiac output Peripheral vascular resistance Blood volume Blood viscosity (Hct. > 60-65%) xsecart
Factors Affecting BP Age (elasticity of the arteries) Exercise (wait 20-30min) Stress Race : African American males over 35 years have higher BP than European males at the same age. Gender: after puberty, females have lower BP than males due to hormonal variations. Medications Obesity: predispose to hypertension. Diurnal variations: BP lowest early in the morning, then rises during the day Disease process 5
Assessing BP Indirect Sphygmomanometer and stethoscope Electronic Sphygmomanometer Doppler ultrasound Direct (Invasive Monitoring) Arterial lines Sites: Upper arm (brachial artery) Radial ????? Thigh (popliteal artery) 6
Hypertension Cannot be diagnosed unless an elevated blood pressure is found when measured twice at different times. Types: 2. Primary: unknown cause 1. Secondary: known cause Associated factors include: arteriosclerosis, smoking, obesity, alcohol, lack of physical activity, high blood cholesterol and stress. Rx. : treatment of secondary causes, life style changes and monitoring. 7
Hypotension Is a BP that is below normal, that is systolic between 85 and 110 mmHg in an adult whose normal pressure is higher than this. Orthostatic hypotension: is a BP that falls when the client sits or stands. Causes: drugs, bleeding, severe burn and dehydration Management : supine position 2-3min., V/s, prevent falls, Rx of the cause. 9
Oxygen Saturation Pulse Oximeter: noninvasive device that estimates a client s arterial blood oxygen saturation (SaO2). Detects hypoxemia before clinical signs and symptoms Normal SaO2 is 95%-100% SaO2 below 70% is life threatening. 10
