NPA Through Lens of RBI

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Gain insights into non-performing asset management from the perspective of RBI through the experiences and expertise shared by CA Gopal Dhakan. Explore topics such as Bank Branch Audit, Neo Banking, Fee Structure Changes, and Reimbursement Policies, offering valuable information for professionals in the banking and finance industry.

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NPA Through Lens of RBI

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NPA Through Lens of RBI CA Gopal Dhakan M.com., LL.B., F.C.A., DISA dhakanassociate@gmail.com 0261-2551149 / 99254 23532 CA Gopal Dhakan

Disclaimer Disclaimer These are my personal views and can not be construed to be the views of the ICAI/RBI/Bank/Association or my firm, Member applied his decision with his professional skepticism and concept of Materiality. No representations or warranties are made by the Study Circle with regard to this presentation. These views do not and shall not be considered as a professional advice. This presentation should not be reproduced in part or in whole, in any manner or form, without our written permission. CA Gopal Dhakan, Surat

NPA Through Lens of RBI Glass Story - Attended Seminar of Bank Branch Audit - Bank Branch Audit is remunerative? Neo Banking - No Branch, No Audit Peer to Peer Banking Fin tech Technology Regulatory Send Box https://fintech.rbi.org.in Account Aggregator PCR NFIR - National Financial Information Registry (Budget Proposal) Now, Banking Industry change Non Fund Based also issue online with help of Fin teach CA Gopal Dhakan

NPA Through Lens of RBI Fees increase Whether good or bad? (March 01, 2023) Home many of you referred RBI circular of June 25, 2013? 10% Increase. LFAR Fees 10% of Basic Fees - Now, Bank ACB/BOD has authority Certification 12% of Basic Fees - Now, Bank ACB/BOD has authority - Generally, apply to SCA but we believe it is applicable to branch as well, from now onward no scope for same. Auditing of consolidated financial statements (SCA) Max Rs. 20650/- Now, Bank ACB/BOD will decide Quarterly / Half yearly limited review (SCA) 20% of Basic Fees - Now, Bank ACB/BOD will decide

NPA Through Lens of RBI Reimbursement of Travelling and Halting Allowances and Daily Conveyance Charges (Partner - GM 7/ Qualified Assistants - Senior Manager 3 / Un- Qualified Assistants - Officer 1) - Bank are given the discretion to decide the same in the cost effective manner, in mutual consent with the auditor. Maximum reimbursement of Expenses 10% of fees (June 06, 2007 Circular) which are withdrawal 2013, however till the date bank applied and issue less amount of reimbursement of expenses, we recover full amount - Now, Bank ACB/BOD will decide Business coverage 70% (Fund Based and Non Fund Based) for FY 22-23 and FY 23-24 bank will have to decide as per BOD policy, subject to business and financial risk (Bank specific characteristics - degree of centralization of process - need to address fraud risk and credit risk - adverse report from internal/concurrent auditors, whistle blower complaints and unusual patterns/activity show by internal MIS.

SBA Guideline comparison Cat . 31/03/2023 31/03/2024 I No Change No Change II Bank Audit Experience: The Firm or at least one of the partners should have preferably conducted branch audit of a PSB/PVB for at least 5 year Word Preferably omitted III No. of Partner exclusively associated with the firm (full time) - 1 Now, it s 2 III The firm or at least one of the CAs should have preferably conducted branch audit of a PSB/PVB for at least 3 year Word Preferably omitted IV Even proprietorship concern without bank audit experience may be considered as hitherto. Only consider when No of CAs exclusively associated with the firm (full time) is 2 (1+1) and standing of audit firm 6 Year (Without Experience) IV As above The proprietor should have conducted branch audit of a PSB/PVB for at least 3 year and standing of audit firm 6 year. (With Experience)

NPA Through Lens of RBI Next few year within Round Table seminar carried out. Instances of NRI Branch having 800 Cr. Deposit and 8 Cr. advances (All are against FD). Lateron branch was not under audit. Discussion paper issued by RBI on ECL (Expected Credit Loss) guideline - Provision First applied SCB Based on IFRS 9 OR IndAS 109 Limited AS already applied through MD on Financial Disclosures Norms (Chapter III) Discussion Paper on Securitization of Stressed Assets Framework (SSAF) Basel Guideline Climate Risk and Sustainable Finance Switzerland Artificial Snow - Rain in Dubai Audit books of bank instead of borrower s books. Way to minimize Audtor Responsibility? Sending engagements letter copy with acceptance? (General Clarification GC/AASB/2/2004 on SA 210) / NOC / MRL (SA 580) / Documentation (SA 230) CA Gopal Dhakan

NPA Through Lens of RBI Implementation Guide to Standard on Auditing (SA) 580 Written Representations. - Only 46 Page guideline Restructuring Guidelines Last Year Experience. Discuss GL/PL thoroughly. Collect Advance & Deposit portfolio including Non Fund advances RBI Master Circular, All SA/AS, if possible otherwise SA 700 series (Must). Calendar Year 2023 - 149 Circular 5 Master Direction 5 Master Circular 9 Draft Notification > 270 Penalty Order (Including CB/UCB/NBFC/Auditor) RBI Language.(CA Advisor) Mere attending CPE on bank audit not sufficient. Entire focus on Loan & Advance parameter. Important other parameters. How to Check, Let s See?

NPA Through Lens of RBI Without RBI Circular/MD/MC/Policy/Guidance Note (14/02/2024 - 865 Page)/BR Act - Method of Audit Difference between MC and MD? MD Financial Disclosure Norms (Page 113 Page Guideline) - Disclosure in the "Notes to Accounts" to the Financial Statements - (August 30, 2021 - Updated October 25, 2023) To know how bank GL & PL finalize - Which expenses included into which head? Divergence in the asset classification and provisioning 5% Provision 15% GNPA - NPA 5% (31/03/2024) - Disclosed and Review by RBI Generally, applicable to SCA and SBA. Important to understand finalization of books and disclosure requirement. Concurrent Audit Fees & Statutory Audit Fees Proper head?

RBI Penalty for NPA Date Maharashtra 09/01/2023 Andhara Pradesh 09/01/2023 Maharashtra 23/01/2023 Karnataka 30/01/2023 Small Finance Bank 03/02/2023 Maharashtra 20/02/2023 Maharashtra 20/02/2023 Telengana 20/02/2023 Gujarat 27/02/2023 Mizoram 15/05/2023 Tripura 15/05/2023 Manipur 15/05/2023 Chennai 02/06/2023 Punjab 08/02/2024 Maharashtra 12/02/2024 Tamil Nadu 26/02/2024 CA Gopal Dhakan Bengaluru 26/02/2024

NPA Through Lens of RBI Mr. Urjit Patel availed loan from our bank in the year 1993/94/95 then NPA classification norms. - Shri M. Narshimham (Committee on Financial System) - Health Code based system - Earlier it was PastDue - 1993 4 Quarter / 1994 3 Quarter / 1995 2 Quarter - W.E.F March 31, 2001 the 'past due' concept has been dispensed with and the period is reckoned from the due date of payment. - March 31, 2004 90 days Overdue CA Gopal Dhakan

NPA Through Lens of RBI Mr. Urjit Patel availed Machinery term loan from our bank and paid only interest amount only. What if only principal amount paid?*** Mr. Urjit patel not paid 3 installment of term loan then whether account should classify into NPA? Meaning of OR as specified in circular? - Interest and / or installment of principal remain overdue for a period of more than 90 days in respect of a Term Loan. - Meaning of Overdue ? - Any amount due to the bank under any credit facility is overdue if it is not paid on the due date fixed by the bank. (2.3.1) - Check due date as per SanctionLetter and as per CBS Also tally amount as per SanctionLetter and CBS - Difference between Interest Due & Charge . Mr. Urjit Patel availed cash credit from our bank, NPA norms for cash credit account. Would answer be different if it is overdraft facility?** CA Gopal Dhakan

NPA Through Lens of RBI Mr. Urjit Patel availed cash credit of Rs. 1 Lakh. Account reflects transaction as below.** Date Particular Dr. Cr. Balance 01/04/2019 Balance - - 1,00,205 15/04/2019 Light Bill factory 15,000 - 1,15,205 20/04/2019 Cash - 13000 1,02,205 30/04/2019 Interest 12,240 - 1,14,445 08/05/2019 Cheque deposit - 10750 1,03,695 18/05/2019 LIC refund - 2000 1,01,695 31/05/2019 Interest 11,748 - 1,13,748 11/06/2019 Cheque deposit - 4556 1,08,887 19/06/2019 Cash - 5200 1,03,687 26/04/2019 RTGS/NEFT - 2500 1,01,187 30/06/2019 Interest 10,376 - 1,11,563 CA Gopal Dhakan

NPA Through Lens of RBI In below case limit is Rs. 1 Lakh? Account is PA or NPA? On which ground? When account slip to NPA? Date 31/03/2019 01/04/2019 30/04/2019 08/05/2019 31/05/2019 08/06/2019 17/06/2019 30/06/2019 30/06/2019 Particular Interest Charges Interest Cash Interest Cheque Deposit NEFT Interest RTGS Dr. Cr. Balance 75,254 75,255 81,600 76,250 84,487 80,257 76,507 84,042 77,542 5232 1 6345 - 8237 - - 7535 - - - - 5350 - 4230 3750 - 6500 CA Gopal Dhakan

NPA Through Lens of RBI - The account remains 'Out of order ** in respect of an Overdraft / Cash Credit (OD/CC). - "An account should be treated as 'out of order' if the outstanding balance remains continuously in excess of the sanctioned limit / drawing power for 90 days - In cases where the outstanding balance in the principal operating account is less than the sanctioned limit / drawing power, but there are no credits continuously for 90 days or credits are not enough to cover the interest debited during the same period, these accounts should be treated as 'out of order . - Many time banker argue that one month interest serve not considered as NPA these logic applicable only for Term Loan not for cash credit / OD. - Credit balance in Cash Credit Account No credit up to 90 days Cash Credit utilized only one day and later running credit balance CA Gopal Dhakan

NPA Through Lens of RBI Mr. Urjit Patel account classified as NPA, what are Income Recognition norms? * What borrowing of Mr. Urjit patel are Guaranted by Central or State Government. NPA and Income Recognition and Provision criteria for same? * - The policy of income recognition has to be objective and based on the record of recovery. Therefore, the banks should not charge and take to income account interest on any NPA. This will apply to Government guaranteed accounts also. (Para 3.1.1) Incident Central Govt. State Govt NPA Classification Recognition of Income Reversal No (Subject to Invocation) Yes Yes Yes Provision Norms applied CA Gopal Dhakan Yes Yes

NPA Through Lens of RBI Is there any exemption from Income Recognition? NPA norms for FDOD/NSC/KVP/LIP/Gold Loan. What are provisioning and income recognition norms. Advance Against NPA Income Recognition Provision TD NSC Provided adequate margin is available Normal after NPA Provided adequate margin is available Normal after NPA Normal Normal KVP Provided adequate margin is available Normal after NPA Normal LIP Gold Provided adequate margin is available Normal after NPA Normal Normal Normal Normal CA Gopal Dhakan

NPA Through Lens of RBI Interest of moratorium period capitalized. Thereafter account slip to NPA. Can capitalized interest be reversed. If loans with moratorium on payment of interest (permitted at the time of sanction of the loan) become NPA after the moratorium period is over, the capitalized interest, if any, corresponding to the interest accrued during such moratorium period need not be reversed. (Para 3.2.2) Appropriation of recoveries in NPA? In the absence of a clear agreement between the bank and the borrower for the purpose of appropriation of recoveries in NPAs (i.e. towards principal or interest due), banks should adopt an accounting principle and exercise the right of appropriation of recoveries in a uniform and consistent manner. Last year Annual Report or Annual Closing guideline What is classification Norms? CA Gopal Dhakan

Classification Norms Standard Asset The account is performing Sub-Standard Asset A sub standard Asset is one which has remained a Non Performing Asset for a period of less than or equal to 12 months. Doubtful I up to 1 years II 1 to 3 years III More than 3 years Loss Assets These are accounts, identified by the bank or internal or external auditors or by RBI Inspectors as wholly irrecoverable but the amount for which has not been written off. CA Gopal Dhakan

NPA Through Lens of RBI Automation of Income Recognition, Asset Classification and Provisioning processes in banks (September 14, 2020) Account classify into NPA on 90th day or 91th day? The System based asset classification shall be an ongoing exercise for both down- gradation and up-gradation of accounts. It s part of day end process. - Exceptional circumstance where manual intervention permitted Exceptions may be granted from System driven classification in certain circumstances, which are expected to be minimum and temporary. It must have at least two level authorisation Board approved policy Preferably should be done from the centralised location and suitably documented. CA Gopal Dhakan

NPA Through Lens of RBI Shall have appropriate audit trails and subjected to audit by concurrent and statutory auditors Detail reports of such manual intervention shall be placed before the Audit Committee / Audit Head (banks having no Board) regularly. Banks shall maintain logs for all exceptions i.e. manual interventions / over-rides including, but not limited to, the date and time stamp; purpose/reason; user-IDs, name and designation of those making such manual intervention and necessary account details. These logs shall also be stored for a minimum period of three years and not be tampered with during the storage period. These logs shall be system generated. CA Gopal Dhakan

NPA Through Lens of RBI - There should be periodic system audit, at least once in a year, by Internal / External Auditors who are well versed with the system audit both on system parameters as also from the perspective of compliance to Income Recognition, Asset Classification and Provisioning guidelines. Whether availability of security or net worth of borrower/ guarantor should be taken into account for the purpose of treating an advance as NPA or otherwise? No, (Para 4.2.3) When to classify account as NPA due to non submission of stock statement?* 3 Month OR 6 Month OR 90 Days OR 180 Day 3 Month + 90 Days, However, considering the difficulties of large borrowers, stock statements relied upon by the banks for determining drawing power should not be older than three months. (Para 4.2.4) CA Gopal Dhakan

NPA Through Lens of RBI Data feed into CBS, however physical stock statement not available System input DP arrived Equal(E) in place of Derive(D) DP kept as E only in case of Property/FDOD/LIP/ NSC/KVP CC limit of Mr. Urjit Patel expired on 31/03/2022 and account short renewed for 3 month for first time, is it ok? * NPA norms vis- -vis Non Renewal of limit? * 90 Day or 3 Month or Six Month or 180 Days, from when? Account where the regular/ ad hoc credit limits have not been reviewed/ renewed within 180 days from the due date/ date of ad hoc sanction will be treated as NPA. Many times account renewed in CBS, however documentation shows it to be pending. Data regarding Short Renewal needs to captured in CBS for verification of Auditor & IO (RBI Circular dated 21/08/2020) CA Gopal Dhakan

NPA Through Lens of RBI Mr. Urjit Patel account classified as NPA, later he paid one installment and over due brought down to less then 90 days. Can bank upgrade same to PA.* Is there any changes if account classified into NPA due to DCCO? Entire overdue clear of the all the account - No, same rule applied in the case of DCCO also. (Para 4.2.5) Concept of Deemed NPA? Norms of Deemed NPA? CA Gopal Dhakan

NPA Through Lens of RBI The asset classification of borrower accounts where a solitary or a few credits are recorded before the balance sheet date should be handled with care and without scope for subjectivity. Where the account indicates inherent weakness on the basis of the data available, the account should be deemed as a NPA. In other genuine cases, the banks must furnish satisfactory evidence to the Statutory Auditors/Inspecting Officers about the manner of regularisation of the account to eliminate doubts on their performing status. (Para 4.2.6) Definition/Parameter of InherentWeakness not specified into circular. Burden of proof to provide the satisfactory evidence is on bank. Mapping subjective criteria in CBS. Don t know. Some extent possible certain data fed in CBS (i.e. Group Detail / Cash Limit / EWS) CA Gopal Dhakan

NPA Through Lens of RBI Borrower enjoy Housing Loan facility and Machinery Loan under proprietorship firm and HL turn NPA. What is status of Machinery Loan? When account classified as NPA then status of Investment by borrower? Asset Classification to be borrower-wise and not facility-wise (Both CUST-ID are different) Now, many mark NPA first by CID wise and then after on PAN bases. Advances under consortium arrangements when classified as NPA? When one of member bank mark account as NPA then what is status of other member? Asset classification of accounts under consortium should be based on the record of recovery of the individual member banks and other aspects having a bearing on the recoverability of the advances. (Para 4.2.8) CA Gopal Dhakan

NPA Through Lens of RBI RBI Bank issue OD against property, property value 50 Lac. Due to near by slum area, value of property reduce by Rs. 30 Lac. Mr . Urjit Patel regularly pays installment or assuming that he pays advance EMI. What is status of the account?** In above case if Mr. Urjit Patel availed loan of Rs. 5 Lac. What is status.** In above case is property value downgrade by 46 Lac (i.e. Rs. 4 Lac). What is status. What if outstanding balance is 50 Lac/39 Lac? CA Gopal Dhakan

NPA Through Lens of RBI N o . 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 50 Lakh 4 Lakh Origina l Value Rev. Value Out. Classificati on Remarks Remark 50 Lakh 30 Lakh 100 Lakh Std. Valuation not down 50% Valuation down 50% 50 Lakh 20 Lakh 5 Lakh Doubtful Category Loss Installment Paid Regularly 50 Lakh 4 Lakh 50 Lakh Valuation less 10% of outstanding Valuation more than 10% of outstanding 39 Lakh Doubtful Category CA Gopal Dhakan

NPA Through Lens of RBI Mr. Urjit Patel enjoy staff loan, What are NPA norms. Such loans/advances should be classified as NPA only when there is a default in repayment of instalment of principal or payment of interest on the respective due dates. (Para 4.2.12.2) Agriculture loan classification criteria. Overdue for two crop seasons for short duration crops - One Crop seasons for Long Term -90 Days norm applied to Agriculture Loan - Bank Audit Guidance Note Chapter 10 Para 10.37 Mr. RBL Partnership Firm (Farmers directly engaged in Agriculture) enjoy Agriculture credit limit Rs. 2.05 Cr. Which norms would apply viz. Agriculture or 90 Days? Loans to corporate farmers, farmers' producer organizations / companies of individual farmers, partnership firms and co-operatives of farmers directly engaged in Agriculture only up to an aggregate limit of 2 crore per borrower. Normal (90 Days norms applied for above Rs. 2 Cr.) - (Para 4.2.13.2 with Annex - 2) CA Gopal Dhakan

NPA Through Lens of RBI RBL Bank sanction Machinery Loan to Mr. Urjit Patel. Machinery imported from Ukraine. The machine not yet delivered due to War and Bank further extended moratorium up to 1.5 year. EMI is regular. NPA Status. DCCO Guideline to whom applicable. Applicable to all Project Loan and meaning of ProjectLoan would mean any term loan (Not apply to CC/OD) which is extended for the purpose of setting up of an economic venture. Account should be classified into NPA even though borrower pays EMI regularly. DCCO needs to mentioned in appraisal note (CBS as well.!). CA Gopal Dhakan

Project Loan - Asset Classification Particular Infrastructure Non Infrastructure Classified as NPA if it fails to commence commercial operations within Two (2) years from the original DCCO, even if regular as per record of recovery. One (1) years from the original DCCO, even if regular as per record of recovery. Standard account Restructured any time during the period up to Two (2) years from the original DCCO, it can be retained as standard. Two (2) years from the original DCCO, it can be retained as standard. Fresh DCCO is fixed 1. In cases involving court cases Up to another Two (2) years (beyond extended period of 2 years) total 4 years - 2. In cases involving other reasons beyond control of promoters Up to another One (1) years (beyond extended period of 2 years) total 3 years - CA Gopal Dhakan

NPA Through Lens of RBI NPA norms for credit card. A credit card account will be treated as non-performing asset if the minimum amount due, as mentioned in the statement, is not paid fully within 90 days from the payment due date mentioned in the statement. (Para 4.2.19.2) Who is responsible for making adequate provision? (Bank Manager / RO / ZO / HO / Concurrent Auditor / Internal Auditor) The primary responsibility for making adequate provisions for any diminution in the value of loan assets, investment or other assets is that of the bank managements and the statutory auditors. (Para 5.1.1) CA Gopal Dhakan

Provisioning Norms Provisioning Norms Standard Asset Farm Agricultural and SMEs Sectors Commercial Real Estate (CRE) Sector (CRE) Residential Housing Sector All Others not included above Housing Loans (Teaser) Total Outstanding If Total Outstanding is Unsecured Doubtful I up to 1 year (Secured Portion) Doubtful II 1 to 3 years (Secured Portion) Doubtful III more than 3 years Unsecured Portion of all I, II 0.25 % 1.00 % 0.75 % 0.40 % 2.00% 15.00 % 25.00% 25.00 % Sub Standard Asset Bad & Doubtful Asset 40.00 % 100.00 % 100.00% 100.00 % Loss Asset Total Outstanding CA Gopal Dhakan

NPA Through Lens of RBI Whether provisions on standard assets should not be reckoned for arriving at net NPAs? No, (Para 5.5.2) Can bank make provision additional provision at higher than prescribed rate for NPA / Standard? NPA subject to following condition; Yes, subject to BOD approval and consistently adopted from year to year (Let us assume BOB) Needs to be considered for Net NPA calculation Such provision not considered for Floating Provision CA Gopal Dhakan

NPA Through Lens of RBI For Standard Account subject to following condition; Yes, The provisioning rates prescribed in this Master Circular are the regulatory minimum and banks are encouraged to make provisions at higher rates in respect of advances to stressed sectors of the economy. BOD policy subject to evaluation of risk and stress in various sector. Policy review quarterly, review performance of various sector, including various ratio. Closing circular stated that for Vehicle Loan security not be considered for provision norms. CA Gopal Dhakan

NPA Through Lens of RBI Provision Norms for CGTMSE Outstanding Balance Rs. 10 lakhs CGTMSE/CRGFTLIH Cover 75% of the amount outstanding or 75% of the unsecured amount or Rs.37.50 lakh, whichever is the least More than 2 years remained doubtful (say as on March 31, 2014) Period for which the advance has remained doubtful Value of security held Rs. 1.50 lakhs Value of security held Rs. 1.50 lakh CA Gopal Dhakan

NPA Through Lens of RBI Provision Required to be made Balance outstanding Less: Value of security Unsecured amount Less: CGTMSE/CRGFTLIH cover (75%) Net unsecured and uncovered portion: Provision for Secured portion @ 40% of Rs.1.50 lakh Provision for Unsecured & uncovered portion @ 100% of Rs.2.12 lakh Total provision required Rs.10.00 lakh Rs. 1.50 lakh Rs. 8.50 lakh Rs. 6.38 lakh Rs. 2.12 lakh Rs.0.60 lakh Rs.2.12 lakh Rs.2.72 lakh CA Gopal Dhakan

NPA Through Lens of RBI Whether SMA 0/1/2 (Special Mention Account) classification of every account are compulsory. - All loans (including retail loans) both day are inclusive. - Term Loan SMA 0/1/2 and Cash Credit Account SMA 1/2 - Last year branch not provide such report. Due Dt. 31/03/2022 31/03/2022 31/03/2022 Due 31 61 91 SMA Dt. 30/04/2022 30/05/2022 29/06/2022 SMA SMA 1 SMA 2 NPA CA Gopal Dhakan

NPA Through Lens of RBI CRILIC (Central Repository of Information on Large Credits) circular September 11, 2013 - all borrowers having aggregate exposure of 5 crore and above with them The exact due dates for repayment of a loan, frequency of repayment, breakup between principal and interest, examples of SMA/NPA classification dates, etc. shall be clearly specified in the loan agreement and the borrower shall be apprised of the same at the time of loan sanction and also at the time of subsequent changes, if any, to the sanction terms/loan agreement till full repayment of the loan. In cases of loan facilities with moratorium on payment of principal and/or interest, the exact date of commencement of repayment shall also be specified in the loan agreements. These instructions shall be complied with at the earliest, but not later than December 31, 2021, in respect of fresh loans. In case of existing loans, however, compliance to these instructions shall necessarily be ensured as and when such loans become due for renewal/review. (para 34) CA Gopal Dhakan

NPA Through Lens of RBI With a view to increasing awareness among the borrowers, banks shall place consumer education literature on their websites, explaining with examples, the concepts of date of overdue, SMA and NPA classification and upgradation, with specific reference to day- end process. Banks may also consider displaying such consumer education literature in their branches by means of posters and/or other appropriate media. Further, it shall also be ensured that their front-line officers educate borrowers about all these concepts, with respect to loans availed by them, at the time of sanction/disbursal/renewal of loans. (Para 35) CA Gopal Dhakan

NPA Through Lens of RBI Recently, while filing FIR with CBI, the bank stated Our internal controls are weak or Our XXX process are carried manually . Whilst we certifying that all internal control working very well. Contradictory each other. CA Gopal Dhakan