Cellular Respiration: True or False Questionnaire
Concepts of cellular respiration through a series of true or false questions covering topics such as energy sources, ATP, organelles, glycolysis, and chemical equations. Test your knowledge on processes like glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and enzyme functions in cellular respiration. Gain insights into the conversion of energy from the Sun to glucose and the essential role of mitochondria in energy production.
Download Presentation
Please find below an Image/Link to download the presentation.
The content on the website is provided AS IS for your information and personal use only. It may not be sold, licensed, or shared on other websites without obtaining consent from the author.If you encounter any issues during the download, it is possible that the publisher has removed the file from their server.
You are allowed to download the files provided on this website for personal or commercial use, subject to the condition that they are used lawfully. All files are the property of their respective owners.
The content on the website is provided AS IS for your information and personal use only. It may not be sold, licensed, or shared on other websites without obtaining consent from the author.
E N D
Presentation Transcript
FEB 2021 WINTER EVENT TAC #30 UNDER FREQUENCY PROTECTION DATA RARF SURVEY TAC #44 ANCILLARY SERVICE DEPLOYMENTS FEB 14 EVENING TAC #91 ROLE OF FFR ERCOT Staff AUGUST 11, 2021 PDCWG
TAC #30 UNDER FREQUENCY PROTECTION DATA FOR GENERATION RESOURCES PUBLIC 2
Nodal Operating Guide 2.6.2 Under Frequency Relays for Generators If under-frequency relays are installed and activated to trip the unit, these relays shall be set such that the automatic removal of individual Generation Resources from the ERCOT System meets the following requirements: FREQUENCY RANGE DELAYTO TRIP No automatic tripping (Continuous operation) Above 59.4 Hz Above 58.4 Hz up to And including 59.4 Hz Above 58.0 Hz up to And including 58.4 Hz Above 57.5 Hz up to And including 58.0 Hz 57.5 Hz or below Not less than 9 minutes Not less than 30 seconds Not less than 2 seconds No time delay required Aligned with NERC PRC-024-2 Standard. 3 PUBLIC 3
Capacity breakdown between conventional resources and IBRs that have under frequency relay set between 58.4 Hz to 59.4 Hz for 9 minutes Conventional Resources Capacity (MW) 18198 398 0 400 102 0 608 150 19856 Total IBR s Frequency (Hz) 59.4 59.3 59.2 59.1 59 58.8 58.5 58.4 Total Total capacity and unit count in different buckets of unit capacity for conventional resources with UF relay setting 59.4 Hz for 9 minutes Unit Count 76 2 0 1 1 0 2 2 84 Capacity (MW) 5812 35 372 0 1430 16 1040 0 8705 Unit Count 52 2 3 0 10 2 28 0 97 Capacity (MW) 24010 433 372 400 1532 16 1648 150 28561 Unit Count 128 4 3 1 11 2 30 2 181 Total Capacity in this range(MW) 6735 4230 1798 5435 Unit Capacity Range (MW) 0 to 300 300 to 500 500 to 800 800 to 1000 Unit Count 56 11 3 6 4 PUBLIC 4
Capacity breakdown between conventional resources and IBRs that were online on 2/15/21 when frequency fell below 59.4 Hz and have under frequency relay set at 59.4 Hz for 9 minutes Conventional Resources 15442 54 Total IBR s 1560 12 17002 66 Capacity Unit Count Total capacity & unit count in different buckets of unit capacity AND breakdown by resource category for conventional resources with UF relay setting 59.4 Hz for 9 minutes Total Capacity in this range(MW) 5160 3050 1798 5434 Capacity (MW) 7904 2209 2768 2038 331 192 Unit Count 12 10 17 9 5 1 Unit Capacity Range (MW) 0 to 300 300 to 500 500 to 800 800 to 1000 Unit Count 37 8 3 6 Resource Category Coal and Lignite Gas Steam Combined Cycle GT Combined Cycle ST Simple Cycle <= 90 MW Simple Cycle > 90 MW 5 PUBLIC 5
Capacity breakdown between conventional resources and IBRs that were online on 2/15/21 when frequency fell below 59.4 Hz and have under frequency relay set between 58.4 Hz and 59.4 Hz for 9 minutes Conventional Resources Total IBR s 16900 1630 18530 Capacity 61 19 80 Unit Count 6 PUBLIC 6
TAC #44 AS DEPLOYMENT PRIORTO 2/15 LOW FREQUENCYEVENT PUBLIC 7
Cold Weather 2/14-2/15 Midnight Austin Dallas/Fort Worth Houston San Antonio 35 30 25 Degree Fahrenheit 20 15 10 5 0 2/14 9:00 PM 2/14 10:00 PM 2/14 11:00 PM 2/15 12:00 AM 2/15 1:00 AM 2/15 2:00 AM 2/15 3:00 AM 8 PUBLIC 8
Pre-Event System Condition Frequency EEA1 EEA3 EEA2 Total Outage Capacity Total HSL Total PRC 9 PUBLIC 9
Regulation and SCED Manual Offset Frequency Total Outage Capacity Total HSL Total Expected Gen Dev Total PRC Reg-Up exhausted Reg-Up Deployment SCED Offset to try and recover reg-up SCED Offset SCED Power Balance Violation 10 PUBLIC 10
RRS and Non-Spin Frequency Total Outage Capacity Total HSL Total Expected Gen Dev Total PRC Reg-Up Deployment SCED Offset SCED Power Balance Violation Offline Non-Spin Deployed Non-spin Deployment RRS Deployment RRS Deployed 11 PUBLIC 11
TAC #91 ROLEOF FAST FREQUENCY RESPONSE PUBLIC 12
TAC Item 91 - Could fast frequency response play a bigger role? Excerpts Excerpts from from the the Draft Draft Reco Recommendation mmendation The February storm was an issue of total sustained generation not being able to meet the load requirements. To that point, ANY additional generation, generation provided AS, or load provided AS could have played a bigger role. However, FFR would ve likely provided some benefit even for the relatively slow drop in frequency on 2/15/21 at around 01:45. FFR product is designed to arrest frequency during drastic drop in frequency and thus provide critical reliability support. Current FFR market design, where FFR is prorated with LR-RRS, makes the provision of FFR financially unattractive compared with PFR-RRS. ESRs providing FFR has the added benefit of lowering Critical Inertia. With ERCOT now procuring additional RRS, now is the time to ensure that disincentives to providing the critically important FFR service are removed. This goal can be very easily achieved by the following: ANY 1. 1. Set Set offer offer floor thus thus have have no paying paying the the same floor for no system system impact same RRS RRS MCPC for all all RRS RRS offers, impact. . The MCPC for offers, except The implication implication of of this for awarded awarded FFR except FFR FFR offers, offers, at at $ $0 0. .01 this simple FFR. . When When FFR 01/MW/hr /MW/hr. . This simple change change is is to to fully FFR offers offers exceed exceed 450 This can can be fully award award FFR 450MW, MW, then then FFR be immediately immediately implemented FFR offered offered at at $ $0 0/MW/ FFR awards awards would implemented as as a a behavioral /MW/hr hr up would again again be be prorated behavioral rule up to to 450 450MW prorated. . rule and MW while while and 2. Trigger FFR deployment on RoCoF trigger rather than the current frequency trigger. Since this change would make FFR even more valuable to grid reliability, item 1 needs to be pursued urgently to make FFR a financially viable alternative for ESRs to provide. 3. Examine whether the 59.98Hz restriction on recharging needs modification. PDCWG s PDCWG s question question - - does does ERCOT ERCOT recommend recommend displacing displacing RRS RRS- -LR/UFR LR/UFR with with RRS RRS- -FFR? FFR? If If so, so, what what is is the the limit? limit? 13 PUBLIC 13
Discussion Outline FFR vs. UFR Benefits of having FFR Limit on FFR Inertia Trends
Introduction to Responsive Reserve Service RRS is an Ancillary Service that provides operating reserves that is intended to: a) Arrest frequency decay within the first few seconds of a significant frequency deviation on the ERCOT Transmission Grid using Primary Frequency Response and interruptible Load; b) After the first few seconds of a significant frequency deviation, help restore frequency to its scheduled value to return the system to normal; c) Provide energy or continued Load interruption during the implementation of the Energy Emergency Alert (EEA); and d) Provide backup regulation. RRS may be provided by, Resources providing Primary Frequency Response (RRS-PFR) (ex. Gen Resources, Energy Storage Resources, Controllable Load Resources, Generation Resources operating in synchronous condenser fast-response mode) Resource providing Fast Frequency Response (RRS-FFR) Load Resources controlled by high-set under-frequency relays (RRS-UFR) 15 PUBLIC 15
What is Fast Frequency Response (FFR)? Fast Frequency Response (FFR) The automatic self-deployment and provision by a Resource of their obligated response within 15 cycles after frequency meets or drops below a preset threshold, or a deployment in response to an ERCOT Verbal Dispatch Instruction (VDI) within 10 minutes. Resources capable of automatically self-deploying and providing their full Ancillary Service Resource Responsibility within 15 cycles after frequency meets or drops below a preset threshold and sustaining that full response for at least 15 minutes may provide Responsive Reserve (RRS). 16 PUBLIC 16
RRS-FFR vs RRS-PFR Trigger Frequency Resource providing FFR Load Resource providing RRS support frequency at 59.85 Hz. support frequency at 59.7 Hz. 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 MW Loss (MW) 800 600 400 200 LR Trigger FFR Trigger 0 59.70 59.75 59.80 59.85 59.90 59.95 60.00 60.05 60.10 -200 -400 -600 Frequency at C-point(Hz) PUBLIC 17 17
RRS-FFR vs RRS-PFR Response Time Resource providing FFR Load Resource providing RRS provide full response within 15 cycles after frequency is at/below frequency threshold. 15 cycles includes delay time of under-frequency relay and breaker operation time. respond within 30 cycles after frequency is at/below frequency threshold. 30 cycles includes delay time of under-frequency breaker operation time. relay and PUBLIC 18 18
RRS-FFR vs RRS-PFR Max Response Duration Resource providing FFR Load Resource providing RRS sustain full response for 15 minutes or till ERCOT recalls deployment, whichever occurs first. sustain response till deployment is recalled. 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2000 1500 FFR Response 1000 MW Loss (MW) 500 0 00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 -500 -1000 Frequency Recovery Time (min) PUBLIC 19 19
RRS-FFR vs RRS-PFR RRS Restoration Time Resource providing FFR Load Resource providing RRS will restore and become available for next event within 15 minutes after deployment ends. after deployment ends, are only be allowed to withdraw energy from the grid when Physical Responsive Capability (PRC) is above 2,500 MW and frequency has recovered to 60 Hz, unless ordered to do so by ERCOT. may take up to 3 hours to reset after deployment ends. PUBLIC 20 20
RRS-FFR vs RRS-PFR Manual Deployment Resource providing FFR Load Resource providing RRS can be deployed via Verbal Dispatch instructions during EEAs. upon such obligated to sustain response for 15 minutes or till ERCOT recalls deployment, whichever occurs first. can be deployed similarly during EEAs as well. upon such obligated to sustain response till the deployment is recalled. deployment, are deployment, are after deployment ends, will only be allowed to withdraw energy from the grid when Physical Responsive Capability (PRC) is above 2,500 MW and frequency has recovered to 60 Hz, unless ordered to do so by ERCOT. PUBLIC 21 21
What are the benefits of having FFR? 1. Early response from FFR aids in preserving Load Resource providing RRS for more severe events. With 59.85 Hz or higher frequency trigger, FFR will deploy more often than Load Resources in response to frequency events; With Resources providing FFR, most frequency events will not trigger Load Resources deployment. Thus preserving frequency response capabilities from Load Resources to be available for (the next) severe event. 2. Short restoration time for resources providing FFR will limit ERCOT s exposure (i.e. inability to respond) to next event of similar magnitude. Upon recall of deployment, Resources providing FFR will reset and become available to respond to another event within 15 minutes. If a frequency event triggers deployment of RRS from Load Resources, for a 3 hour duration following such an event, ERCOT may not have adequate frequency responsive resources to respond to a large trip (~2700 MW trip). This is because Load Resources providing RRS after a deployment have 3 hours to reset and become available to respond to another event. 22 PUBLIC 22
What are the benefits of having FFR? 3. FFR can help mitigate Critical Inertia and facilitate further increased penetration levels of Inverter Based Resources in ERCOT. Critical Inertia 120 PFR minimum:1150 MW 1420 MW RCC : 2750 MW 2805 MW FFR s Impact 99 94 100 88 84 80 Inertia (GWs) 60 40 20 0 1150 MW PFR, 2750 MW RCC (No FFR) 1420 MW PFR, 2805 MW RCC (No FFR) 1150 MW PFR +420 MW FFR, 2750 MW RCC 1420 MW PFR + 460 MW FFR, 2805MW RCC 23 PUBLIC 23
What are the benefits of having FFR? 4. FFR can help improve system frequency response and may reduce overall RRS quantities. Inertia :130 GWs 1420 MW PFR + 2050 MW LR 1420 MW PFR + 460 MW FFR + 1450 MW LR 1420 MW PFR + 460 MW FFR + 1590 MW LR 60.1 60 59.9 59.8 59.7 Hz 59.6 59.5 59.4 59.3 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Time (s) By replacing 460 MW of LR with FFR, frequency nadir is improved by 26 mHz (dark blue trend). Total RRS requirement for 130 GWs inertia condition is reduced by 140 MW with 460 MW FFR available in the system (green trend). 24 PUBLIC 24
FFRLimit Determination Inertia :109 GW.s 1420 MW PFR, 59.85 Hz & 15 cycles FFR 0 MW FFR 460 MW FFR 60.12 370 MW Generation Loss 60.09 60.06 Frequency (Hz) 60.03 60 59.97 59.94 59.91 59.88 59.85 59.82 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Time (s) 25 PUBLIC 25
Declining System Inertia On March 22, 2021 ERCOT inertia was at its lowest of 109 GW.s. Note that, in ERCOT s validation of the cases from this time, certain inconsistencies were identified in inertia value between DWG cases and ERCOT s Network Model. These inconsistencies are primarily due to an ongoing effort to improve DWG models since 2019. As a result of these changes, inertia from at the time of the lowest value would have been around 116 GW.s. PUBLIC 26
Number of hours with low inertia in March In March 2021 overall inertia on the system was lower than at same time in years prior. This was largely due to a lower net load (driven by milder temperatures, more wind and thermal resource outages) during the month in comparison to same time in years prior. March 2018 2019 2020 2021 Number of hours with <120 GWs 0 0 0 15 Number of hours with <128 GWs 0 0 0 71 Note that given the inconsistencies in inertia data, the number of hours for 2021 in the table above is potentially lower than the value computed using raw inertia data. PUBLIC 27
Total Inertia in March 2018-2021 March Inertia 2021 2020 2019 2018 350,000 300,000 250,000 Inertia (MWs) 200,000 150,000 100,000 50,000 0 3/1 0:00 3/4 0:00 3/7 0:00 3/10 0:00 3/13 0:00 3/16 0:00 3/19 0:00 3/22 0:00 3/25 0:00 3/28 0:00 PUBLIC 28
Net-Load in March 2018 - 2021 2021NetLoad 2020NetLoad 2019NetLoad 2018NetLoad 70,000 60,000 50,000 40,000 MW 30,000 20,000 10,000 0 0.00% 10.00% 20.00% 30.00% 40.00% 50.00% 60.00% 70.00% 80.00% 90.00% 100.00% 29 PUBLIC 29
Load in March 2018 - 2021 2021 Load 2020 Load 2019 Load 2018 Load 65,000 60,000 55,000 50,000 MW 45,000 40,000 35,000 30,000 25,000 0.00% 10.00% 20.00% 30.00% 40.00% 50.00% 60.00% 70.00% 80.00% 90.00% 100.00% 30 PUBLIC 30
Wind in March 2018 - 2021 2021 Wind 2020 Wind 2019 Wind 2018 Wind 25,000 20,000 15,000 MW 10,000 5,000 0 0.00% 10.00% 20.00% 30.00% 40.00% 50.00% 60.00% 70.00% 80.00% 90.00% 100.00% 31 PUBLIC 31
Conventional Resource Outage Capacity Mar-May 2021 2020 2019 2018 35,000 30,000 25,000 Outaged Capacity (MW) 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 3/1 3/11 3/21 3/31 4/10 4/20 4/30 5/10 5/20 5/30 32 PUBLIC 32
Summary & Conclusion There are benefits to having FFR. There continues to be a need to enforce a limit on the total amount of RRS that can come from FFR. To date less than 125 MW of ESRs are qualified to provide FFR, no FFR has been provided in Real Time. FFR Advancement project will bring about system changes that will make it easier for ESRs to provide FFR. ESRs will be able to qualify to provide higher quantities of FFR. There is a decline in the minimum inertia levels that the grid has operated at. With increases in installed IRR capacity and the right weather conditions, it is possible for ERCOT s minimum inertia to decline further. Market designs that incent more FFR to be available in Real Time may help widen ERCOT s Critical Inertia if more Resources qualify to provide FFR and carry it consistently in Real Time. Approaches that aid this need the further Stakeholder discussion. 33 PUBLIC 33
