Important Historical Events and Decisions Shaping the Growth of the United States

9. Completion of the Erie Canal in 1825 encouraged the growth of the Midwest because it 1.linked the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Coast 2.helped force the removal of British forts in the Northwest Territory 3.stimulated development of cotton production in the Ohio River valley 4.increased trade with Asia 10. The Three-fifths Compromise adopted in the Constitution in 1787 had the effect of 1.increasing the representation of southern states in Congress 2.providing a method for ratifying amendments 3.making possible the impeachment of the president 4.allowing the use of the elastic clause in the legislative process 11. What was one important geographic reason the United States was able to maintain a foreign policy of neutrality throughout most of the 19th century? 1.The Atlantic Ocean provided a buffer from European interference. 2.Extensive mountain ranges along the Pacific coastline prevented invasions. 3.Scarce natural resources discouraged international trade. 4.European immigrants had rapid communication with their homelands. 12. During the late 19th century, businesses tried to maximize profits by 1.eliminating tariffs 2.supporting labor unions 3.resisting laissez-faire policies 4.creating monopolies 13. The decisions of the Supreme Court in McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) and Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)are important because they 1.clarified constitutional limits on the right to bear arms 2.denied slaves the right to sue in federal courts 3.increased the power of the federal government over the states 4.upheld funding for the Erie Canal Bellwork-Midterm 1 Review packet M/C Review 1. The Virginia House of Burgesses was important to the development of democracy in the thirteen colonies because it 5. What is the main argument Thomas Paine makes concerning the relationship between Great Britain and its American colonies? 1.Britain wants to make America a part of the European continental system. 2.America is too distant for Great Britain to govern effectively. 3.America lacks representation in Parliament. 4.American colonial leaders believe British officials want to use them to fight European wars. 6. The primary purpose of the Articles of Confederation was to 1.provide revenues for the national government 2.establish the basic framework of the national government 3.give the national government the power to regulate interstate commerce 4.guarantee a bill of rights to protect citizens from the national government 7. Which United States foreign policy action resulted from the close geographic relationship between the United States and Latin America? 14. The Proclamation of 1763 was intended to 1.allow American farmers to use the Mississippi River 2.outlaw slavery in the Ohio River valley 3.prevent France from expanding into the Great Lakes region 4.avoid conflicts with Native American Indians west of the Appalachian Mountains 15. The passage of Jim Crow laws in the South after Reconstruction was aided in part by 1.a narrow interpretation of the 14th amendment by the United States Supreme Court 2.a change in the southern economy from agricultural to industrial 3.the growth of Republican-dominated governments in the South 4.the rise in European immigration to the South 1.provided an example of a representative form of government 2.created the first written constitution in America 3.provided for direct election of senators 4.began the practice of legislative override of executive vetoes 2. One way that the British government carried out the policy of mercantilism was by 1.promoting free trade between its colonies and Europe 2.prohibiting the transatlantic trade in enslaved Africans 3.encouraging the development of colonial manufacturing and trade 4.requiring that most colonial trade occur within the British Empire 3. Antifederalists criticized the United States Constitution primarily because governing power was concentrated in the 1.State legislatures 2.President s Cabinet 3.delegates to the Constitutional Convention 4.National Government 1.Monroe Doctrine 2.Truman Doctrine 3.Marshall Plan 4.Open Door policy 8. The Supreme Court decision in Marbury v. Madison (1803) increased the power of the federal courts by 1.increasing the number of judges 2.enabling the president to overturn lower-court decisions 3.establishing federal supremacy over state governments 4.establishing the principle of judicial review 4. At the Constitutional Convention of 1787, the Great Compromise between the large states and the small states resulted in 1.the creation of a bicameral legislature 2.a provision for equal protection of the laws 3.a permanent solution to the slavery issue 4.the guarantee of voting rights for all male property owners

Answers to MC Questions 1. 1 9. 1 2. 4 10. 1 3. 4 11. 1 4. 1 12. 4 5. 2 13. 3 6. 2 14. 4 7. 1 15. 1 8. 4

The First 5 Presidents President Washington set precedents: examples for others to follow. (presidential cabinet, two-term limit, foreign policy of neutrality) George Washington 1789-1797 During his Farewell Address he warned the nation about the dangers of political parties and to avoid permanent alliances with foreign countries Whisky Rebellion- Secretary of treasury imposed an excise tax(tax on goods produced within the country) on whisky. Explanation: whisky was main source of revenue for western Pennsylvania, they refused to pay the tax, beat up the Federal Marshall, militia sent by federal government to put down rebellion. Impact: power of the federal government to enforce laws

XYZ Affair-France began to seize American ships headed to Great Britain. Adams sent a negotiation team to France. The officials from France were called X,Y, and Z. They asked Americans for $250,000 to talk to their foreign minister. American anti-French feelings arise and congress created a navy to seize French ships, America and France were involved in an undeclared naval war. Alien and Sedition Acts- An attempt to limit immigrants who were critics of his administration. John Adams 1797-1801 (Federalist) Alien Acts- residency requirements rose from 5 to 14 years (time they had to wait to apply for citizenship). It also allowed the president to deport or jail any alien considered undesirable. Sedition (treason) Acts- Fines and jail terms for anyone expressing damaging opinions about the government Judiciary Act of 1801 (modified the Judiciary Act of 1789)- increased the number of federal judges by 16- he filled the positions with Federalists Midnight Judges-Adams assigned their appointments late on the last day of his administration

Marbury v. Madison- the first time the Supreme Court ruled something unconstitutional. Chief Justice John Marshall rules the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional. Establishes the principle of Judicial Review-ability of the Supreme Court to declare an act of Congress unconstitutional. Thomas Jefferson 1801- 1809 (Republican, Anti-Federalist) Louisiana Purchase (land between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains), purchased from France (Napoleon) for 15 million dollars. The Louisiana Purchase: (1803) 1. Doubled the size of the U.S. 2. Control of the Mississippi River to transport agricultural goods 3. Port of New Orleans-transport of goods for European and American trade Lewis and Clark Expeditions- map out and explore the Louisiana territory

War of 1812- Americans declared war in 1812 against Britain for several reasons: trade restrictions, impressment (kidnapped American sailors and forced them into the Royal Navy, Britain supported Indian resistance of American expansion. James Madison 1809-1817 The war was fought on land and at sea with multiple victories and loses for America. In 1814 the British burned down the Capitol and the White House in Washington D.C. Treaty of Ghent- The British and the Americans realized it was a war neither wanted. The two nations met in Belgium and signed the treaty ending the war. Battle of New Orleans- communication was slow! The battle of New Orleans was fought two weeks after the treaty was signed. The battle lasted a little over an hour. The British suffered more than 2,000 casualties and the Americans just over 20. The American victory unified the country, restored patriotism, and made General Andrew Jackson a national hero.

McCulloch v. Maryland The issue: Does the government have the power to create a national bank? Do states have the right to tax institutions created by the federal government? Outcome: It reinforced the doctrine of implied powers (powers of Congress) and the power of the national government over state governments James Monroe 1817-1825 Monroe Doctrine: President James Monroe established the Monroe Doctrine to prevent European powers from further colonization in the Americas (Western Hemisphere). If European countries tried to colonize or interfere in the Americas (North or South) it would be directly viewed by the U.S. as acts of intended aggression which would require U.S. intervention. 1. The U.S. would stay out of 1. The U.S. recognized European colonies already established and would not interfere with them 4 main points of the Monroe Doctrine European internal affairs and would not take sides in war among them 1. The U.S. would not permit (allow) any further colonization in the Western Hemisphere 1. Any attempt by a European power to take control of any nation in the Western Hemisphere would be viewed as a hostile action toward the U.S.

Constitutional Amendments 1st- Freedom of Speech, Religion, Press, Assembly 13th- Freedom- Abolished Slavery 14th- Equality- Provided citizenship to freed slaves 15th- Vote- The right to vote cannot be denied because of race/color 16th- Income tax- became the main source of federal income 17th- Senators- provided for the direct election of U.S. senators 18th-Alcohol- Prohibition-made the sale and/or consumption of alcohol illegal 19th-Women- Provided women suffrage

Manifest Destiny: The belief that the United States should expand from sea to shining sea (Atlantic to the Pacific) Imperialism- Stronger countries taking over weaker countries Louisiana Purchase- Purchased by Thomas Jefferson- doubled the size of the U.S. Texas Annexation Texas won independence from Mexico during the Texas Revolution in 1836 and named Sam Houston president of the new Republic of Texas. The Mexican government refused to acknowledge Texas s independence. In 1838 Houston invited the U.S. to annex (incorporate as a territory) Texas. In 1845 under President Polk, Texas was entered into the Union as a slave state. This angered the Mexican government and quickly led to war with Mexico.

Mexican Cession-1848- After the Mexican-American War, Mexico ceded (gave) the United States the Mexican Cession which included California, Utah, Arizona, and parts of Colorado and New Mexico California Gold Rush- Movement of people to a place in which gold was discovered. The settlers were known as the 49ers The effects of The Manifest Destiny on Native Americans Indian Removal Act- President Andrew Jackson ordered 100,000 Native Americans west of the Mississippi River why? Fertile land and gold for the white settlers Trail of Tears-forced removal of Native Americans to Indian Reservations Voter Participation because there was an end of property requirements for voting

Slavery Slavery in the U.S. /Abolition/Women in the U.S. /Abolition/Women People Accomplishments/Significance White newspaper editor Wrote the Liberator newspaper from Massachusetts Joined Anti-Slavery societies (clubs) Held meetings Gave lectures/speeches Wrote pamphlets/books Believed slavery was morally wrong William Lloyd Garrison African American women that escaped slavery from the south Started the Underground Railroad A network of houses and people that helped slaves escape to freedom (North) Very dangerous for escaping slaves Hundreds of white Americans helped slaves escape north! She helped hundreds of slaves escape to Canada! Harriet Tubman-

White woman, abolitionist Author of the book Uncle Tom s Cabin Revealed the horrors of slavery Sold thousands of copies all across America Harriet Beecher Stowe Enslaved African American male who unsuccessfully sued for his freedom in 1857 Dred Scott v. Sandford Dred Scott African American male who escaped slavery from the South Author and Speaker Wrote his own autobiography about life as a slave His book was VERY famous because it showed blacks could be smart His book also showed the horrors of slavery Lived in Rochester, New York Wrote a newspaper called The North Star from Rochester, NY Frederick Douglass

Wanted Black women to be equal to all others She was a slave, had 13 children (all sold to slavery), and was beaten with a whip Sojourner Truth Women suffragists signed The Declaration of Sentiments at the Seneca Falls Convention in NY The Sentiments demanded equality with men before the law. Voting rights, a voice in society, equal job opportunities/pay, right to divorce, own land etc The Sentiments were modeled after the Declaration of Independence Were all leaders of NAWSA- National American Women s Suffrage Association Susan B. Anthony Elizabeth Cady Stanton Carrie Chapman Catt

15 M/C Review 5) During the 1840s, supporters of Manifest Destiny favored (1) closing the frontier to settlement (2) ending the American System (3) acquiring Texas and California (4) ceding the Oregon territory to Russia 10) After the Civil War, which development limited economic opportunities for African Americans in the South? (1) creation of military districts (2) establishment of the Freedmen s Bureau (3) use of the sharecropping system (4) ratification of the 14th amendment 1) The term federalism is best defined as (1) the process of amending a constitution (2) the power of the courts to determine the constitutionality of laws (3) a republican form of government with no hereditary ruler (4) the division of power between the states and the national government 6) What was one important geographic reason the United States was able to maintain a foreign policy of neutrality throughout most of the 19th century? (1) The Atlantic Ocean provided a buffer from European interference. (2) Extensive mountain ranges along the Pacific coastline prevented invasions. (3) Scarce natural resources discouraged international trade. (4) European immigrants had rapid communication with their homelands. 11) Literacy tests, grandfather clauses, and poll taxes were enacted by Southern States to (1) limit the movement of African Americans (2) restrict the voting rights of African Americans (3) improve the social status of African Americans (4) expand educational opportunities for African Americans 2) Which action is an example of the use of checks and balances? (1) impeachment of President Bill Clinton (2) choosing a vice presidential running mate by a presidential candidate (3) election of the Speaker of the House by the majority party (4) starting negotiations for a treaty by President George Washington 12 is same as 9 13) After 1877, racial segregation became widespread in the South primarily as a result of the (1) decline of the Ku Klux Klan (2) activities of the Freedmen s Bureau (3) stationing of federal troops in the South (4) passage of Jim Crow laws 7) President Andrew Jackson used the spoils system to (1) stop the westward expansion of slavery (2) strengthen the military for national defense (3) reward loyal political supporters (4) destroy the Bank of the United States 3) The Supreme Court decision in Marbury v. Madison (1803) increased the power of the federal courts by (1) increasing the number of judges (2) enabling the president to overturn lower- court decisions (3) establishing federal supremacy over state governments (4) establishing the principle of judicial review 14) The theory of laissez-faire economics was used during the late 1800s to (1) justify unregulated business growth (2) call for more consumer protection (3) support Progressive programs (4) achieve equal distribution of income 8) Which constitutional principle was the main focus of the North South conflicts that led to the Civil War? (1) States rights (2) due process of law (3) separation of powers (4) presidential veto power 4) Completion of the Erie Canal in 1825 encouraged the growth of the Midwest because it (1) linked the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Coast (2) helped force the removal of British forts in the Northwest Territory (3) stimulated development of cotton production in the Ohio River valley (4) increased trade with Asia 15) The actions of muckrakers in the late 19th century and early 20th century resulted in (1) Supreme Court decisions that expanded the right to vote (2) government regulation of unfair business practices (3) increases in the power of monopolies (4) reduction of the president s power to manage the economy 9) Publication of The Liberator Kansas-Nebraska Act Dred Scott decision The events listed above all contributed to the (1) outbreak of the Civil War (2) formation of the policy of Manifest Destiny (3) passage of the Missouri Compromise (4) annexation of Texas

Answers to MC questions 1. 4 9. 1 2. 1 10. 3 3. 4 11. 2 4. 1 12. Same as 9 5. 3 13. 4 6. 1 14. 1 7. 3 15. 2 8. 1