Matrix Inverses: Properties and Applications
Learn about matrix inverses, including their definition, properties, invertibility criteria, and applications. Discover how to find the inverse of a matrix and understand the difference between singular and non-singular matrices. Explore the concept of inverse functions and the invertibility of matrix products in this comprehensive guide.
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Inverse of a Matrix Hung-yi Lee
Inverse of a Matrix What is the inverse of a matrix? Elementary matrix What kinds of matrices are invertible Find the inverse of an invertible matrix
What is the inverse of a matrix?
Inverse of Function Two function f and g are inverse of each other (f=g-1, g=f-1) if For ??? ? ? = ? ? ? g ? = ? ? f ? = ? ? = ? ? f ? g ? = ? ? ? = ?
Inverse of Matrix If B is an inverse of A, then A is an inverse of B, i.e., A and B are inverses to each other. ?? = ? For ??? ? ? = ?? ? A B ? = ?? ? = ? B ? = ?? ? A ? = ?? ? = ? ?? = ?
Non-singular v.s. Singular Inverse of Matrix If B is an inverse of A, then A is an inverse of B, i.e., A and B are inverses to each other. A is called invertible if there is a matrix B such that ?? = ? and ?? = ? ? = ? 1 ? = ? 1 B is an inverse of A ?? =1 0 1 0 ? =1 2 5 ? = 5 2 3 3 1 ?? =1 0 1 0
Inverse of Matrix If B is an inverse of A, then A is an inverse of B, i.e., A and B are inverses to each other. A is called invertible if there is a matrix B such that ?? = ? and ?? = ? ? = ? 1 ? = ? 1 B is an inverse of A Non-square matrix cannot be invertible
Inverse of Matrix Not all the square matrix is invertible Unique ?? = ? ?? = ? ?? = ? ?? = ? ? = ?? = ? ?? = ?? ? = ?? = ?
Inverse for matrix product A and B are invertible nxn matrices, is AB invertible? yes ?? 1= ? 1? 1 ? 1? 1?? = ? 1? 1? ? = ? 1? = ? ?? ? 1? 1= ? ?? 1? 1 = ?? 1 = ? Let ?1,?2, ,?? be nxn invertible matrices. The product ?1?2 ?? is invertible, and 1= ?? 1?? 1 1 ?1 1 ?1?2 ??
Inverse for matrix transpose If A is invertible, is ATinvertible? ?? 1=? ? 1 ? ???= ???? ? 1? = ? ? 1??= ? ??? 1 ?= ? ?? 1 ?= ? ? 1 ???= ? ?? 1= ?
Solving Linear Equations The inverse can be used to solve system of linear equations. If A is invertible. ?? = ? However, this method is computationally inefficient.
Input-output Model 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 Cx x C ?1 ?2 ?3 0.1?1+ 0.2?2+ 0.1?3 0.2?1+ 0.4?2+ 0.2?3 0.3?1+ 0.1?2+ 0.1?3 0.1 0.2 0.3 Consumption matrix 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 =
Input-output Model x C Cx 100 150 80 0.1 0.2 0.3 Consumption matrix 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 48 96 53 = ? ?? = 52 54 27 100 150 80 48 96 53 Demand Vector d =
Input-output Model 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 90 80 60 Demand Vector d ? = ? = x ? 0.9 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.6 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.9 ? ?? = ? A = ? C = ?? ?? = ? 90 80 60 170 240 150 ? ? ? = ? ? = ? = Ax=b
Input-output Model Ans: The first column of ? ? 1 ? = ? ? 1? ? ? ? = ? ? = ? ? 1? + ?1 = ? ? 1? + ? ? 1?1 1 0 0 ? ? + = ? + ?1 1.3 0.6 0.5 0.475 1.950 0.375 0.25 0.50 1.25 ? ? 1=
Invertible A is called invertible if there is a matrix B such that ?? = ? and ?? = ? (? = ? 1) ? ? ? 1? ?? ? ? ? 1 ? 1
Summary Theorem 2.6 (P138) Let A be an n x n matrix. A is invertible if and only if The columns of A span Rn For every b in Rn, the system Ax=b is consistent The rank of A is n The columns of A are linear independent The only solution to Ax=0 is the zero vector The nullity of A is zero The reduced row echelon form of A is In A is a product of elementary matrices There exists an n x n matrix B such that BA = In There exists an n x n matrix C such that AC = In
Review: One-to-one A function f is one-to-one If co-domain is smaller than the domain, f cannot be one-to-one. ?1 ? ?1 If a matrix A is , it cannot be one-to-one. ?2 ? ?2 The reverse is not true. ? ?3 ?3 If a matrix A is one-to- one, its columns are independent. ? ? = ? has one solution ? ? = ? has at most one solution
Review: Onto A function f is onto If co-domain is larger than the domain, f cannot be onto. ?1 ? ?1 If a matrix A is , it cannot be onto. ?2 ? ?2 = ? ?3 The reverse is not true. ?3 If a matrix A is onto, rank A = no. of rows. Co-domain = range ? ? = ? always have solution
Invertible A is called invertible if there is a matrix B such that ?? = ? and ?? = ? (? = ? 1) ? ? ? 1? ?? ? ? ? 1 ? 1 A must be onto ( ? 1 input ) A must be one-to-one
An invertible matrix A is always square. One-to-one and onto A function f is one-to-one and onto The domain and co- domain must have the same size . The corresponding matrix A is square. ?1 ? ?1 ?2 ? ?2 ? ?3 ?3 Onto One-to-one Square
Invertible Let A be an n x n matrix. Onto One-to-one invertible The columns of A span Rn For every b in Rn, the system Ax=b is consistent The rank of A is the number of rows One-to-one Onto invertible The columns of A are linear independent The rank of A is the number of columns The nullity of A is zero The only solution to Ax=0 is the zero vector The reduced row echelon form of A is In Rank A = n
Invertible Let A be an n x n matrix. A is invertible if and only if The reduced row echelon form of A is In In Invertible RREF RREF Not Invertible
Summary Let A be an n x n matrix. A is invertible if and only if The columns of A span Rn For every b in Rn, the system Ax=b is consistent The rank of A is n The columns of A are linear independent The only solution to Ax=0 is the zero vector The nullity of A is zero The reduced row echelon form of A is In A is a product of elementary matrices There exists an n x n matrix B such that BA = In There exists an n x n matrix C such that AC = In onto square matrix = One-to- one
Invertible An n x n matrix A is invertible. There exists an n x n matrix B such that BA = In ? The only solution to Ax=0 is the zero vector If ?? = 0, then . ?? = ?? ? = 0 ??? = 0 ??? = ?
Invertible An n x n matrix A is invertible. There exists an n x n matrix C such that AC = In ? For every b in Rn, Ax=b is consistent For any vector b, ?? = ?? ?? is always a solution for ? ??? ??? = b
Summary Let A be an n x n matrix. A is invertible if and only if The columns of A span Rn For every b in Rn, the system Ax=b is consistent The rank of A is n The columns of A are linear independent The only solution to Ax=0 is the zero vector The nullity of A is zero The reduced row echelon form of A is In A is a product of elementary matrices There exists an n x n matrix B such that BA = In There exists an n x n matrix C such that AC = In onto square matrix = One-to- one
Inverse of Elementary Matrices
Elementary Row Operation Every elementary row operation can be performed by matrix multiplication. 1. Interchange elementary matrix 1 0 1 0 2. Scaling 0 1 0 k 3. Adding k times row i to row j: 0 1 k 1
Elementary Matrix Every elementary row operation can be performed by matrix multiplication. How to find elementary matrix? elementary matrix E.g. the elementary matrix that exchanges the 1stand 2nd rows 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 2 1 3 5 4 6 ? ? = = 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 ? =
Elementary Matrix How to find elementary matrix? Apply the desired elementary row operation on Identity matrix 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 1 0 1 0 Exchange the 2nd and 3rdrows ?1= 0 0 0 1 Multiply the 2nd row by -4 ?2= 4 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 Adding 2 times row 1 to row 3 ?3=
Elementary Matrix How to find elementary matrix? Apply the desired elementary row operation on Identity matrix 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 3 2 4 6 5 ?1= ? = ?1? = 0 0 0 1 1 4 ?2= 4 0 0 1 0 ?2? = 8 3 1 2 5 20 6 4 5 14 0 0 1 ?3= ?3? =
Inverse of Elementary Matrix Reverse elementary row operation Exchange the 2ndand 3rdrows Exchange the 2ndand 3rdrows 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1= ?1= ?1 Multiply the 2ndrow by -4 Multiply the 2ndrow by -1/4 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1= ?2= 4 0 ?2 1/4 0 Adding 2 times row 1 to row 3 Adding -2 times row 1 to row 3 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 1 1= ?3 ?3= 2
RREF v.s. Elementary Matrix Let A be an mxn matrix with reduced row echelon form R. ?? ?2?1? = ? There exists an invertible m x m matrix P such that PA=R ? = ?? ?2?1 1 1?2 1 ?? ? 1= ?1
Invertible An n x n matrix A is invertible. R=RREF(A)=In ?? ?2?1? = ?? The reduced row echelon form of A is In 1?? 1?2 1 ?? ? = ?1 1 1?2 1 ?? = ?1 A is a product of elementary matrices
Inverse of General Matrices
2 X 2 Matrix ? ? ? ? =? ? ? ? 1= Find ?,?,?, ? ? ? ? =1 0 1 ? ? ? ? 0 1 ? ? ? ? 1= ? ?? ?? If ?? ?? = 0, A is not invertible.
Algorithm for Matrix Inversion Let A be an n x n matrix. A is invertible if and only if The reduced row echelon form of A is In ?? ?2?1? = ? ? 1 = ?? ? 1= ?? ?2?1
Algorithm for Matrix Inversion Let A be an n x n matrix. Transform [ A In] into its RREF [ R B ] R is the RREF of A B is an nxn matrix (not RREF) If R = In, then A is invertible B = A-1 ?? ?2?1? = ? ?? ?? ?2?1 ? 1 ??
Algorithm for Matrix Inversion In Invertible RREF
Algorithm for Matrix Inversion Let A be an n x n matrix. Transform [ A In] into its RREF [ R B ] R is the RREF of A B is a nxn matrix (not RREF) If R = In, then A is invertible B = A-1 To find A-1C, transform [ A C ] into its RREF [ R C ] C = A-1C ? 1? = ? ?? ?2?1? ? 1 ?? ?2?1? ? ?? P139 - 140
