Natural Control and Use of Ethno-Medicines for Filariasis
Learn about the natural control mechanisms and use of ethno-medicines for filariasis, a parasitic disease caused by nematodes transmitted by blood-feeding arthropods like mosquitoes and black flies. Explore the types of filariasis and the natural factors influencing its transmission, including the life cycle of vectors and the impact of climatic conditions. Discover how microfilariae are affected by cibarial armatures in the mosquito, contributing to the natural control of this disease.
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Presentation Transcript
NATURAL CONTROL & USE OF ETHNO MEDICINES FOR FILARIASIS NATURAL CONTROL & USE OF ETHNO MEDICINES FOR FILARIASIS
Filariasis disease) caused by nematodesof superfamily filarioidea Filariasis is a parasitic disease (usually an Infectious tropical Nematods are transmitted by blood feeding arthropodes mainly MOSQUITOES & BLACK FLIES Huaman & cattle both are affected & become definitive host Mosquitoes & black flies act as intermidiate host
8 KNOWN NEMATODES CAUSE FILARIASIS OF 3 TYPES Lymphatic filariasis Wuchereria bancrofti Brugia malayi B. timori Subcutaneous filariasis Loa loa Onchocerca volvulus Mansonella streptocerca Serous cavity filariasis Mansonella perstans Mansonella ozzardi
River blindness Lymphatic filariasis Eye worm
Natural control of Natural control of filariasis filariasis Life Life span span of of vectors vectors vs vs. . development development of of microfilariae microfilariae With the increase of age of mosquitoes, new infection with microfilariae decreased Mosquitoes carrying microfilariae were found to be nulliparous All the mosquitoes (initially infected with microfilariae) cannot survive the period required for the development of microfilariae into third stage infective larvae. Different investigators recorded varied daily mortality rate of Cx. quinquefasciatus from 14% to as much as 47% in different parts of the world
Climatic Climatic factors factors Microfilariae required 16 17 days in the mosquito vector to reach the infective stage Temperature and humidity play a greatrole in filariasis transmission At high temperature and moisture the complete cycle occupies 10 14 days but it is retarded to 6 weeks by cold Microfilariae sometime fails to escape from the midgut of infected mosquito in winter Breeding places become flooded during the monsoon
Natural control Cibarial armatures Microfilariae are damaged by the buccopharyngeal armature of the mosquito during ingestion. Natural control of of of of filariasis filariasis by by its its vector vector Anopheles farauti and Anopheles gambiae killed 36 to 96% of the ingested microfilariae. Culex pipiens fatigans killed only 6% of the microfilariae Coagulation of ingested blood prevent the movement of worm towards maturation site
Separate sexes of nematode prevent transmission Both sexes needed for copulation to produce micrifilariae Breeding place limits breeding Some breed in man made water stock Some breed in water infested with certain weeds Varieties in uptaking microfilariae by vectors The regulation of mf uptake being weakest in Culex, stronger in Aedes and most severe and occurring at significantly lower human mf loads in Anopheles mosquitoes
Natural Medicines for Natural Medicines for Filariasis Filariasis Drugs used for lymphatic filariasis are diethylcarbamazine (DEC) and ivermectin New drugs are required to improve treatment and to replace the currently used drugs before drug resistance starts appearing Synthetic drugs always have mild to severe side affect Ethnomedicines are now used at a vast rate due to almost zero side affect Tribal people are much more resistant though they expossed to parasite a lot
Azadirachta Azadirachta indica indica (Neem) Leave & bark used against Microfilariae Common tree, found all over India Andrographis Andrographis paniculata paniculata Linn Linn. (Kalmegh) Leave & bark is used to treat filariasis Found in West Bengal, all over India Filaricidal activity of A. paniculata aqueous leaf extract against B. malayi
Trachyspermum Trachyspermum ammi ammi (Ajwain) Seed,fruits used as fertility controlar of female worm, & Found in West Bengal, all over India macrofilaricidal Methanolic extract of T. ammi fruits act against adult bovine filarial Setaria digitata worms Acacia Acacia auriculiformis auriculiformis (Sonajuri) Leaf is used against Canine heart worm Used in India, Purulia
Bauhinia Bauhinia racemosa racemosa (Banraji/banraj ) Leave & barks are effective microfilaricidal. Bengal (hoogly & 24 paraganas), bihar are the growing region Adenia Adenia gummifera gummifera (Vui kumro) Root is used as treater of filariasis, hydrocoele Used in purulia,West Bengal & Westernghat region Aegle Aegle marmelos Leaf used against Mf of B. malayi Very common tree, found all over India, West Bengal marmelos Corr Corr (Bel)
Alstonia Alstonia scholaris scholaris (Chatim) Latex, bark used against Filariasis, elephantiasis Used in India, West Bengal Butea Butea monosperma monosperma (Palas ) Root and leaf used as microfilaricidal Use in Purulia,(West Bengal), India
Sida Sida cordifolia cordifolia (Berela) Whole plant extract use to treat elephantiasis It is used in India, Purulia(West Bengal), U.P. Clerodendrum Clerodendrum capitum capitum (Ghetu) Root is used against elephantiasis Used in Africa, India, Purulia(west bengal) Datura Datura metal metal (Dhutra) Parts use: Dried seed Its activity shown against filariasis In West Bengal it is used
Terminalia Terminalia chabula chabula (Hortoki) Bark & fruit are usefull against elephantiasis In India, Purulia(West Bengal) it is mostly used Vitex Vitex negundo negundo L L. . (Nishindi/ Begna) Root, leaf used against Mf of B. malayi Found in Midnapore, Purulia(West Bengal) Zingiber Parts use: Fresh Rhisome Zingiber oficinale oficinale (Ada) Activity against: Filariasis Locality (where it is used): India
Other Other ethnomedicines ethnomedicines Calotropis Common name: Akondo (Bengali) Calotropis gigantea gigantea Eclipta Common name: Kesuti/bhimraj (Bengali) Eclipta alba alba Haliclona Haliclona sp. .
Acknowledgement Acknowledgement Thank you Thank you
